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1. What does SQL stand for?

A) Structured Question Language
B) Simple Query Language
C) Structured Query Language
D) System Query Language

ANSWER= C) Structured Query Language

2. Which of the following is not a type of RDBMS?

A) MySQL
B) Oracle
C) MongoDB
D) PostgreSQL

ANSWER= C) MongoDB

3. SQL is case sensitive in which environment?

A) Windows
B) Linux
C) Mac
D) Android

ANSWER= B) Linux

4. Which of the following is a correct SQL statement to create a database named Library?

A) MAKE DATABASE Library;
B) NEW DATABASE Library;
C) CREATE DATABASE Library;
D) DATABASE Library;

ANSWER= C) CREATE DATABASE Library;

5. Which command is used to list all databases in MySQL?

A) LIST DATABASES;
B) SHOW ALL DATABASES;
C) DISPLAY DATABASES;
D) SHOW DATABASES;

ANSWER= D) SHOW DATABASES;

6. What is the purpose of the ‘USE’ command in SQL?

A) Create a new table
B) Delete a database
C) Select a database for use
D) Exit SQL

ANSWER= C) Select a database for use

7. Which of the following is a valid datatype for storing dates in MySQL?

A) DATE
B) DATETIME
C) TIME
D) All of the above

ANSWER= D) All of the above

8. CHAR(n) datatype in MySQL stores data of:

A) Fixed length
B) Variable length
C) Integer
D) Binary type

ANSWER= A) Fixed length

9. Which constraint ensures uniqueness of values in a column?

A) PRIMARY KEY
B) FOREIGN KEY
C) UNIQUE
D) DEFAULT

ANSWER= C) UNIQUE

10. Which two constraints together can form a primary key?

A) UNIQUE and DEFAULT
B) NOT NULL and UNIQUE
C) FOREIGN KEY and UNIQUE
D) NOT NULL and DEFAULT

ANSWER= B) NOT NULL and UNIQUE

11. What does the ALTER TABLE command do in SQL?

A) Deletes a table
B) Changes the structure of a table
C) Adds data to a table
D) Queries data

ANSWER= B) Changes the structure of a table

12. Which keyword is used to remove a column from a table?

A) REMOVE
B) DELETE
C) DROP
D) ALTER

ANSWER= C) DROP

13. Which command is used to view the structure of a table?

A) SHOW tablename
B) DESCRIBE tablename
C) VIEW tablename
D) PRINT tablename

ANSWER= B) DESCRIBE tablename

14. What type of key is formed by combining multiple attributes?

A) Foreign key
B) Alternate key
C) Composite key
D) Candidate key

ANSWER= C) Composite key

15. What happens if you run an UPDATE statement without a WHERE clause?

A) Nothing happens
B) Syntax error
C) All records are updated
D) Only the first record is updated

ANSWER= C) All records are updated

16. Which statement is used to insert data into a table?

A) ADD INTO
B) INSERT INTO
C) PUT INTO
D) ENTER INTO

ANSWER= B) INSERT INTO

17. In which format is the DATE stored in MySQL?

A) DD-MM-YYYY
B) MM-DD-YYYY
C) YYYY-MM-DD
D) Any format

ANSWER= C) YYYY-MM-DD

18. Which operator is used to compare a value with a set of values?

A) IN
B) LIKE
C) BETWEEN
D) ALL

ANSWER= A) IN

19. Which SQL function returns the remainder of a division operation?

A) DIV
B) REM
C) MOD
D) ROUND

ANSWER= C) MOD

20. Which function is used to calculate exponential power in SQL?

A) EXP()
B) ROUND()
C) POW()
D) SQRT()

ANSWER= C) POW()

21. Which clause is used to sort records in ascending or descending order?

A) GROUP BY
B) ORDER BY
C) SORT BY
D) ARRANGE BY

ANSWER= B) ORDER BY

22. Which keyword is used with ORDER BY to sort in descending order?

A) REVERSE
B) DOWN
C) DESC
D) LOWER

ANSWER= C) DESC

23. Which function returns the name of the day from a date?

A) DAYNAME()
B) DAY()
C) DATENAME()
D) DAYOFWEEK()

ANSWER= A) DAYNAME()

24. Which clause helps in fetching only unique values from a column?

A) ONLY
B) UNIQUE
C) DISTINCT
D) NON-REPEATED

ANSWER= C) DISTINCT

25. What is the result of any arithmetic operation with NULL?

A) 0
B) NULL
C) Error
D) Infinity

ANSWER= B) NULL

26. Which function returns current date and time in SQL?

A) CURRENT()
B) NOW()
C) TIME()
D) SYSDATE()

ANSWER= B) NOW()

27. Which of the following is used for pattern matching in SQL?

A) LIKE
B) IN
C) AND
D) IS

ANSWER= A) LIKE

28. Which symbol is used to match any number of characters in SQL pattern matching?

A) _
B) %
C) *
D) #

ANSWER= B) %

29. Which SQL function removes leading spaces from a string?

A) RTRIM()
B) LTRIM()
C) TRIM()
D) REMOVE()

ANSWER= B) LTRIM()

30. Which function converts string to uppercase in SQL?

A) UPPER()
B) UCASE()
C) TOUPPER()
D) CAP()

ANSWER= B) UCASE()

31. Which clause is used to group rows that have the same values?

A) ORDER BY
B) GROUP BY
C) SET BY
D) UNION

ANSWER= B) GROUP BY

32. Which function returns the number of characters in a string?

A) LEN()
B) LENGTH()
C) SIZE()
D) COUNT()

ANSWER= B) LENGTH()

33. Which clause is used to filter rows before grouping?

A) WHERE
B) HAVING
C) FILTER
D) SELECT

ANSWER= A) WHERE

34. Which clause is used to filter groups after grouping?

A) WHERE
B) HAVING
C) GROUP BY
D) FILTER

ANSWER= B) HAVING

35. Which aggregate function returns the highest value in a column?

A) MAX()
B) TOP()
C) LAST()
D) HIGH()

ANSWER= A) MAX()

36. Which clause in SQL is used to group records that have the same values in specified columns?

A) ORDER BY
B) GROUP BY
C) WHERE
D) HAVING

ANSWER= B) GROUP BY

37. Which operator is used to test for NULL values?

A) = NULL
B) == NULL
C) IS NULL
D) EQUAL NULL

ANSWER= C) IS NULL

38. What will be the result of 5 + NULL in SQL?

A) 5
B) 0
C) NULL
D) Error

ANSWER= C) NULL

39. Which function extracts a substring from a string?

A) MID()
B) SUBSTRING()
C) SLICE()
D) CUT()

ANSWER= A) MID()

40. What is the output of ROUND(123.456, 1)?

A) 123.4
B) 123.5
C) 123.45
D) 123

ANSWER= B) 123.5

41. Which keyword is used to permanently remove a table from a database?

A) ERASE
B) DELETE
C) REMOVE
D) DROP

ANSWER= D) DROP

42. What is the output of MOD(11, 3)?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 1
D) 0

ANSWER= A) 2

43. What is the purpose of the DEFAULT constraint?

A) Allows duplicate values
B) Adds a default value when no input is given
C) Restricts NULL values
D) Sets a foreign key

ANSWER= B) Adds a default value when no input is given

44. Which operator is used to match a value within a range?

A) IN
B) RANGE
C) BETWEEN
D) BOUND

ANSWER= C) BETWEEN

45. Which one is not a single row function?

A) ROUND()
B) MOD()
C) AVG()
D) LCASE()

ANSWER= C) AVG()

46. Which function is used to get the month from a date?

A) MONTHNAME()
B) MONTH()
C) GETMONTH()
D) MTH()

ANSWER= B) MONTH()

47. Which of the following is a valid constraint that can be applied to enforce referential integrity between two tables?

A) DEFAULT
B) PRIMARY KEY
C) UNIQUE
D) FOREIGN KEY

ANSWER= D) FOREIGN KEY

48. Which of the following conditions must be satisfied for a FOREIGN KEY to be added to a table?

A) The table must have a DATE column
B) The referenced attribute must be of FLOAT type
C) The referenced column must be a PRIMARY KEY
D) The referenced table must be empty

ANSWER= C) The referenced column must be a PRIMARY KEY

49. Which SQL operator is used to check whether a column value falls between two values (inclusive)?

A) IN
B) LIKE
C) RANGE
D) BETWEEN

ANSWER= D) BETWEEN

50. Which keyword is used to delete a particular row in SQL?

A) REMOVE
B) ERASE
C) DELETE
D) DROP

ANSWER= C) DELETE

51. Assertion (A): SQL is used only for retrieving data from databases. Reason (R): SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is false, but R is true
D) A is true, but R is false

ANSWER= C) A is false, but R is true

52. Assertion (A): VARCHAR stores variable-length character strings. Reason (R): CHAR and VARCHAR allocate the same amount of memory for any string.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false, but R is true

ANSWER= C) A is true, but R is false

53. Assertion (A): PRIMARY KEY allows duplicate values in a column. Reason (R): PRIMARY KEY is used to uniquely identify each record.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is false, but R is true
D) A is true, but R is false

ANSWER= C) A is false, but R is true

54. Assertion (A): ALTER TABLE statement can be used to add a new column. Reason (R): ALTER TABLE can modify the structure of an existing table.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is false, but R is true
D) A is true, but R is false

ANSWER= A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

55. Assertion (A): The keyword DESC is used to sort records in descending order. Reason (R): The ORDER BY clause displays records in random order by default.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false, but R is true

ANSWER= C) A is true, but R is false

56. Assertion (A): SQL is a case-insensitive language. Reason (R): In SQL, ‘salary’ and ‘SALARY’ are treated as the same column names.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is false, but R is true
D) A is true, but R is false

ANSWER= A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

57. Assertion (A): The CREATE TABLE command is used to define the structure of a new table. Reason (R): CREATE TABLE can define attribute names, data types, and constraints.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false, but R is true

ANSWER= A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

58. Assertion (A): DEFAULT constraint ensures that every column must have a unique value. Reason (R): DEFAULT sets a predefined value for a column when no value is provided.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is false, but R is true
D) A is true, but R is false

ANSWER= C) A is false, but R is true

59. Assertion (A): DELETE statement removes a table from the database. Reason (R): DROP TABLE statement is used to remove a table permanently.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is false, but R is true
D) A is true, but R is false

ANSWER= C) A is false, but R is true

60. Assertion (A): The WHERE clause in SQL is used to filter groups formed by GROUP BY. Reason (R): HAVING clause filters records before they are grouped.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is false, but R is true
D) Both A and R are false

ANSWER= D) Both A and R are false

61. Assertion (A): INSERT INTO command adds new records into a table. Reason (R): Records can be inserted without specifying column names if all values are provided in correct order.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false, but R is true

ANSWER= A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

62. Assertion (A): A FOREIGN KEY can reference a column that is not a primary key. Reason (R): A foreign key ensures that each value exists in another table’s primary key column.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) A is true, but R is false
C) A is false, but R is true
D) Both A and R are false

ANSWER= C) A is false, but R is true

63. Assertion (A): ROUND() is used to round numbers to specified decimal places. Reason (R): ROUND(283.2, 0) will return 283.2.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false, but R is true

ANSWER= C) A is true, but R is false

64. Assertion (A): The % symbol in SQL is used to match zero or more characters. Reason (R): The LIKE clause in SQL supports pattern matching using wildcards.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false, but R is true

ANSWER= A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

65. Assertion (A): The BETWEEN operator is inclusive of boundary values. Reason (R): BE- TWEEN is used to test if a value lies between a specified range.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false, but R is true

ANSWER= A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

66. Assertion (A): You can use the alias keyword AS to rename a column in the output. Reason (R): Column aliasing affects the actual table structure permanently.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false, but R is true

ANSWER= C) A is true, but R is false

67. Assertion (A): NOW() function returns the current system date and time. Reason (R): NOW() is a date function used in MySQL.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is false, but R is true
D) A is true, but R is false

ANSWER= A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

68. Assertion (A): MID() function is used to extract a part of a string. Reason (R): MID() is a numeric function used to perform arithmetic operations.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false, but R is true

ANSWER= C) A is true, but R is false

69. Assertion (A): The TRIM() function is used to remove trailing spaces only. Reason (R): TRIM() removes both leading and trailing spaces from a string.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false, but R is true

ANSWER= D) A is false, but R is true

70. Assertion (A): The IS NULL operator is used to check for zero values. Reason (R): IS NULL checks whether a column has NULL as its value.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is false, but R is true
D) A is true, but R is false

ANSWER= C) A is false, but R is true